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NEW QUESTION # 10
An individual attributes personal achievement in business to being competitive, independent, and successful in spite of challenges. Which statement is true regarding environmental factors and how they influence this person's personality and behavior?
- A. Personality and behavior are based solely on environmental factors.
- B. Studies demonstrate that environment influences behavior but has no influence on personality.
- C. The individual's full potential may be determined by how well the individual adjusts to the requirements of the environment.
- D. Environment is the single element in determining an individual's behavior.
Answer: C
Explanation:
In the study of Organizational Behavior, the "nature vs. nurture" debate examines how much of an individual's personality is inherited (heredity) versus influenced by their surroundings (environment). While heredity sets the outer parameters or "potential" of an individual's personality, environmental factors-such as culture, family, and social groups-dictate how that potential is realized or constrained. This specific individual exhibits traits like competitiveness and independence, which are often reinforced by a business environment that rewards such behaviors.
However, personality is not a static result of environment alone (refuting option A and D), nor is the environment irrelevant to personality development (refuting option C). Instead, the interactionist perspective suggests that behavior is a function of the person and their environment. The "potential" of a person's personality traits is often activated or suppressed by environmental demands. For example, a person with a natural inclination for leadership may only see that trait flourish if the environment provides opportunities and requirements for leadership. Consequently, the individual's success is a result of how effectively they adjust their internal traits to meet external environmental requirements. This adjustment process is a key component of "person-environment fit," where high levels of fit lead to better performance and job satisfaction.
NEW QUESTION # 11
What are two of the three forces that play a particularly important role in sustaining an organization's culture?
- A. Personal background of key employees and selection process
- B. Actions of top management and socialization process
- C. Actions of top management and employee education level
- D. Personal background of key employees and socialization process
Answer: B
Explanation:
Once a culture is in place, certain practices within the organization act to maintain it by exposing employees to a set of similar experiences. Three forces play a particularly important role in sustaining a culture: selection practices, theactions of top management, and thesocialization process.
Theactions of top managementare crucial because through what they say and how they behave, senior executives establish norms that filter down through the organization. For example, their reactions to crises or how they reward performance send clear signals about what is truly valued. Thesocialization processis the method by which the organization helps new employees adapt to its culture. Even if an organization hires the
"right" people during selection, they must still be taught the specific values and customs of the firm.
Socialization ensures that the culture is transmitted consistently from one generation of employees to the next, maintaining the organization's unique identity over time.
NEW QUESTION # 12
Management has noticed that the accounting work group is having difficulty because group members seem to be working in different directions. Which suggested action can the company take to increase group cohesiveness?
- A. Establish more rigid role definition for group members
- B. Give individual rewards rather than group rewards
- C. Have the group avoid competition with other groups
- D. Give group rewards rather than individual rewards
Answer: D
Explanation:
Group cohesiveness refers to the degree to which members are attracted to one another and are motivated to remain part of the group. When members are "working in different directions," it indicates a lack of alignment and shared purpose. One of the most effective structural methods to foster unity is togive group rewards rather than individual rewards. When rewards are tied to the collective output of the team, members are incentivized to collaborate, share information, and support one another to ensure the entire group succeeds.
Individual rewards often foster internal competition, which can further fragment a group that is already struggling with alignment.
In addition to group-based rewards, other strategies to increase cohesiveness include making the group smaller, increasing the time members spend together, and stimulating competition withothergroups (rather than avoiding it). By shifting the focus from individual achievement to collective success, the organization encourages members to coordinate their efforts, thereby increasing the "we-feeling" necessary for high- performing teams.
NEW QUESTION # 13
Which dimension of the Fiedler contingency model is associated with the degree of influence a leader has over variables such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions, and salary increases?
- A. Leader-member relations
- B. Position power
- C. Task structure
- D. Leader-member exchange
Answer: B
Explanation:
The Fiedler contingency model proposes that effective group performance depends on the proper match between the leader's style and the degree to which the situation gives control to the leader. Fiedler identified three contingency dimensions that define the situational favorableness: Leader-member relations, Task structure, andPosition power.
Image of Fiedler's Contingency Model
Position power is specifically defined as the degree of influence a leader has over power variables such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions, and salary increases. A leader with high position power has significant structural authority, which makes it easier to influence the behavior of subordinates through formal rewards and sanctions. In contrast, a leader with low position power must rely more heavily on personal influence or rapport to achieve goals. Understanding these dimensions is crucial because Fiedler argued that a leader's style is essentially fixed; therefore, to improve effectiveness, one must either change the leader to fit the situation or change the situation (such as increasing or decreasing the leader's position power) to fit the leader.
NEW QUESTION # 14
A team was assigned a project. Halfway through the project, however, it became obvious that the team was failing to meet expectations. Management had made sure that individuals assigned to the team had strong technical expertise as well as problem-solving and decision-making skills. However, other abilities for effective teamwork were overlooked. Which ability necessary for team members was overlooked?
- A. Intellectual coherence
- B. Interpersonal skills
- C. Propensity for social loafing
- D. Authoritarian personality
Answer: B
Explanation:
To perform effectively, a team requires three different types of skills. First, it needs people with technical expertise to perform the task at hand. Second, it needs people with problem-solving and decision-making skills to be able to identify problems, generate alternatives, and make competent choices. Finally, and perhaps most importantly for group cohesion, a team needs people with stronginterpersonal skills. Interpersonal skills include effective listening, feedback, and conflict resolution.
In the scenario provided, the team had the "hard" skills (technical and analytical) but lacked the "soft" skills required to navigate the social complexities of working as a unit. Without interpersonal skills, a team may have the smartest individuals but still fail because they cannot communicate effectively or resolve the inevitable friction that arises during a long-term project. While "propensity for social loafing" is a behavior to avoid, and "authoritarian personality" is often a hindrance, the foundational "ability" cited in organizational behavior literature as a prerequisite for team success alongside technical and problem-solving skills is interpersonal competence.
NEW QUESTION # 15
Which team type takes on many responsibilities of their former supervisors?
- A. Cross-functional team
- B. Self-managed work team
- C. Problem-solving team
- D. Virtual team
Answer: B
Explanation:
ASelf-managed work teamis a group of employees (typically 10 to 15) who perform highly related or interdependent jobs and take on many of the responsibilities of their former supervisors. In a traditional work structure, a supervisor would handle tasks such as planning and scheduling work, assigning tasks to members, making operating decisions, and taking action on problems. In a self-managed environment, the team collectively takes over these managerial duties.
These teams may even select their own members and evaluate each other's performance. The goal of organizing into self-managed teams is to increase employee involvement and empowerment, theoretically leading to higher job satisfaction and productivity through synergy and collective control. Unlike "problem- solving teams," which only make recommendations, self-managed teams have the authority to implement solutions and take full responsibility for outcomes. While this can be highly effective, the success of self- managed teams depends heavily on the organizational culture and the level of training provided to employees.
If members are not prepared for the interpersonal demands of self-management-such as resolving internal conflicts or managing the pace of work-the team can struggle. However, when properly implemented, self- managed teams represent the highest level of team autonomy in organizational design.
NEW QUESTION # 16
How can an organization transmit its culture to its employees?
- A. By creating and repeating ritualistic activities
- B. By requiring employees to memorize the mission statement
- C. By influencing the balance of cultural backgrounds of employees
- D. By studying employee gripes and complaints
Answer: A
Explanation:
Culture is transmitted to employees in several ways, most notably through stories, rituals, material symbols, and language.Ritualsare repetitive sequences of activities that express and reinforce the key values of the organization-what goals are most important, which people are important, and which are expendable. For example, a company might hold an annual awards ceremony that celebrates "risk-taking," thereby reinforcing a culture of innovation more effectively than a written document could.
These ritualistic activities serve as a physical manifestation of the organization's underlying values. While mission statements (Option A) provide a formal overview, they often fail to capture the "lived experience" of the culture. Similarly, while the selection process influences who enters the organization, the transmission of culture happens after hiring through consistent, repeated social practices. By engaging in these rituals, employees internalize the organization's norms and expectations, transforming them from "outsiders" to
"insiders" who understand the shared organizational meaning.
NEW QUESTION # 17
What is a characteristic employed by transactional leaders?
- A. Instills pride and gains trust
- B. Promises rewards for good performance
- C. Provides vision and sense of mission
- D. Promotes intelligence and rationality
Answer: B
Explanation:
Organizational Behavior distinguishes between transformational andtransactional leaders. Transactional leaders guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements. They function primarily through a series of "transactions" or exchanges where the leader provides something the followers want in return for their performance.
One of the primary characteristics of transactional leadership iscontingent reward, which involvespromising rewards for good performanceand recognizing accomplishments. Other characteristics include management by exception (active or passive), where the leader intervenes only when standards are not met. Options A, B, and C describe transformational leaders, who inspire followers to transcend their own self-interests for the good of the organization and are capable of having a profound and extraordinary effect on followers. While transformational leadership is often celebrated for driving innovation and change, transactional leadership remains essential for maintaining the day-to-day stability and efficiency of an organization by ensuring that employees are rewarded for meeting specific, tangible targets.
NEW QUESTION # 18
Management has noticed that the quality improvement work group is struggling because members seem to be working in different directions. Which suggested action can the company take to increase group cohesiveness?
- A. Increase the difficulty of becoming a group member
- B. Establish more rigid roles for group members
- C. Physically isolate the group
- D. Make the group larger
Answer: C
Explanation:
Group Cohesivenessis the degree to which members are attracted to each other and motivated to stay in the group. When a group is "working in different directions," it lacks the unity and shared purpose characteristic of cohesive teams. To increase cohesiveness, Organizational Behavior literature suggests several specific strategies.
One effective method is toPhysically isolate the group. By providing the group with its own workspace or isolating them from other units, the members are forced to interact more frequently with one another rather than with outsiders. This increased interaction often leads to a stronger shared identity and a "we-feeling" that helps align their efforts. Other common ways to increase cohesiveness include making the group smaller (not larger, which refutes option C), increasing the time members spend together, and increasing the status of the group or the difficulty of gaining admission. While option A (increasing difficulty of membership) is a valid way to increase cohesiveness, the provided source materials and the context of members "working in different directions" prioritize physical isolation as a primary structural intervention to foster unity. Creating more rigid roles (Option D) might help with clarity but does not necessarily increase the emotional and social attraction (cohesion) between members.
NEW QUESTION # 19
How can an organization transmit its culture to its employees?
- A. By creating and repeating ritualistic activities
- B. By requiring employees to memorize the mission statement
- C. By influencing the balance of cultural backgrounds of employees
- D. By studying employee gripes and complaints
Answer: A
Explanation:
Culture is transmitted to employees in several ways, most notably through stories, rituals, material symbols, and language.Ritualsare repetitive sequences of activities that express and reinforce the key values of the organization-what goals are most important, which people are important, and which are expendable. For example, a company might hold an annual awards ceremony that celebrates "risk-taking," thereby reinforcing a culture of innovation more effectively than a written document could.
These ritualistic activities serve as a physical manifestation of the organization's underlying values. While mission statements (Option A) provide a formal overview, they often fail to capture the "lived experience" of the culture. Similarly, while the selection process influences who enters the organization, the transmission of culture happens after hiring through consistent, repeated social practices. By engaging in these rituals, employees internalize the organization's norms and expectations, transforming them from "outsiders" to
"insiders" who understand the shared organizational meaning.
NEW QUESTION # 20
What defines acceptable standards of behavior that are shared by group members?
- A. Group norms
- B. Group roles
- C. Group conformity
- D. Group status
Answer: A
Explanation:
All groups have establishedNorms, which are defined as acceptable standards of behavior shared by the group's members that tell them what they ought and ought not to do under certain circumstances. Norms are powerful because they act as a means of influencing the behavior of group members with a minimum of external controls. Common organizational norms include performance norms (how hard to work), appearance norms (dress codes), and social arrangement norms (whom to eat lunch with).
Norms are distinct fromGroup Roles, which are specific behaviors expected of a person in a specific position.
While roles might differ from member to member (e.g., a leader vs. a scribe), norms are generally shared by the entire collective.Group Statusrefers to a socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others, andConformityis the act of adjusting one's behavior to align with the norms of the group.
Therefore, the "standards of behavior" themselves are the norms. When an individual violates these shared standards, they often face social pressure or sanctions from the group, which reinforces the importance of norms in maintaining group stability and predictability.
NEW QUESTION # 21
A is ambitious and cheerful at work. Which type of values are these?
- A. Instrumental values
- B. Determinate values
- C. Terminal values
- D. Intermediate values
Answer: A
Explanation:
Values represent basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite mode. In Organizational Behavior, Milton Rokeach created the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS), which classifies values into two distinct sets: Terminal values and Instrumental values.
Terminal valuesrefer to desirable end-states of existence. These are the goals a person would like to achieve during their lifetime, such as world peace, prosperity, or a sense of accomplishment.Instrumental values, on the other hand, refer to preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving the terminal values. Being
"ambitious" and "cheerful" are behavioral traits or methods that an individual employs to reach their ultimate goals. For instance, being ambitious (an instrumental value) is the "means" an employee uses to achieve the
"end" of financial success or career status (a terminal value). Similarly, being cheerful is a mode of conduct that might help an individual achieve the terminal goal of social recognition or happiness. Therefore, because these descriptions focus on thehowof behavior rather than thewhatof ultimate life goals, they are strictly categorized as instrumental values. Understanding these values is crucial for managers because they influence motivation and how employees perceive organizational rewards and culture.
NEW QUESTION # 22
Which statement is true about groupshift?
- A. It is a side-stepping technique.
- B. It is not a real-world phenomenon.
- C. It cannot be toward greater risk.
- D. It can be toward caution or toward risk.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Groupshift is a phenomenon related to groupthink, specifically describing the way group members tend to exaggerate their initial positions when discussing a given set of alternatives. In a group setting, the collective decision often shows a shift toward a more extreme version of the position held by members before the discussion began. While many people assume groups always lead to more conservative decisions, groupshift demonstrates that the shift can move in either direction: toward greater caution or toward greater risk.
The shift toward risk is more common in many organizational settings. This occurs for several reasons: first, the shared responsibility of a group diffuses the accountability for any single individual, making them feel bolder. Second, members who are more willing to take risks may be perceived as more confident and thus exert more influence over the group's final decision. Conversely, if the initial atmosphere of the group is conservative, the discussion tends to reinforce that caution, leading to a "shift" toward even more extreme avoidance of risk. Understanding groupshift is vital for managers because it highlights that group decisions are not necessarily "average" or "moderate" versions of individual opinions; rather, the social dynamics within a group can drive the collective toward extremes that no single member might have chosen independently.
Recognizing this allows leaders to implement checks and balances, such as appointing a devil's advocate, to ensure that the group does not drift into a dangerous or overly timid position due to the social reinforcement of the shift phenomenon.
NEW QUESTION # 23
An employee is motivated by economic success, well-being, world peace, and autonomy and self-reliance in the workplace. Which of the employee's motives is an instrumental value?
- A. World peace
- B. Economic
- C. Prosperity
- D. Autonomy and self-reliance
Answer: D
Explanation:
In Organizational Behavior, values are often classified using the Rokeach Value Survey, which distinguishes betweenTerminal ValuesandInstrumental Values. Terminal values represent the ultimate goals or "end- states" an individual hopes to achieve, such as prosperity (economic success), well-being, and world peace.
These are the destinations toward which a person works. In contrast, instrumental values are the "modes of conduct" or the means by which one achieves those terminal goals.
In this specific scenario, "autonomy and self-reliance" are categorized as instrumental values because they describe the behavioral methods an employee uses to navigate the workplace and eventually reach their terminal goals, such as economic success or personal well-being. For example, an employee might use autonomy (an instrumental value) as a tool to gain the efficiency required to achieve prosperity (a terminal value). Understanding this distinction is vital for managers because while terminal values tell us what the employee wants to achieve, instrumental values tell us how they prefer to behave in order to get there.
Autonomy and self-reliance are practical approaches to work life rather than the final life-goals themselves, thus fitting the definition of instrumental values perfectly.
NEW QUESTION # 24
A team is struggling to resolve procedural issues that govern their performance. What should the team leader do to resolve the problem?
- A. Appoint an assistant team leader to track the struggles and report back
- B. Rearrange roles within the team by adding members
- C. Ask questions and help team members talk through the problem
- D. Research the problem and impose a solution
Answer: C
Explanation:
When a team struggles with procedural issues-the "how" of their work-the most effective leadership approach is often facilitative rather than directive. Instead of imposing a solution (Option A), which can lead to resistance or a lack of "buy-in," the leader shouldask questions and help team members talk through the problem. This technique is rooted in the concept ofteam coachingand process consultation.
By facilitating a dialogue, the leader encourages the team to take ownership of their own processes. This collaborative problem-solving approach helps identify the root cause of the procedural friction, whether it be ambiguous roles, inefficient workflows, or conflicting expectations. Furthermore, helping the team talk through the issue strengthens their internal communication and conflict-resolution skills, making them more resilient in the future. A leader who acts as a facilitator helps the team move from the "storming" phase of development-where procedural conflicts are common-into the "norming" phase, where clear, agreed-upon standards of behavior and performance are established by the group itself.
Organizational Culture
NEW QUESTION # 25
In organizing a team to develop a new product for entry into the electronics market, management wanted to assign team members having characteristics common to effective teams. Which list specifies common characteristics of effective teams?
- A. Members who are emotionally stable, members who fill role demands, and a manageable level of conflict
- B. Effective leadership, members who score low on the personality characteristic of extroversion, and members who fill role demands
- C. A climate of trust, members who fill role demands, and an absence of conflict
- D. A climate of trust, members who score low on the personality characteristic of extroversion, and effective leadership
Answer: A
Explanation:
The effectiveness of a team is generally categorized by its composition, context, and process. According to the Big Five Personality Model and team research, effective teams are typically composed of individuals who score high onemotional stability, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. These traits help maintain a positive working environment and reduce interpersonal friction. Furthermore, teams must ensure that they have people to fill variousrole demands-meaning that all necessary tasks and social-maintenance functions are being performed by someone within the group.
Crucially, effective teams do not necessarily have an "absence of conflict" (which refutes option C). Instead, they maintain amanageable level of conflict. Specifically, "task conflict"-disagreements over the content of the work-can actually stimulate discussion and lead to better decisions, provided that "relationship conflict" (interpersonal animosity) remains low. Therefore, a team that is emotionally stable, fulfills its role requirements, and handles conflict constructively is much more likely to succeed in a high-pressure environment like the electronics market than one that simply tries to avoid all disagreement.
NEW QUESTION # 26
What is an advantage of a strong organizational culture?
- A. Core values are not intensely held and widely shared.
- B. There is a formation of strong employee commitment.
- C. The internal climate exhibits low behavioral control.
- D. There is ambiguity in what employees perceive as expectations.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Astrong organizational cultureis one in which the core values are both intensely held and widely shared by the members. One of the primary advantages of such a culture is theformation of strong employee commitment. When employees believe in and identify with the organization's values, they are more likely to be dedicated to its goals and more willing to put in extra effort to see the organization succeed.
A strong culture also serves to reduce turnover because it creates a high level of agreement among members about what the organization stands for. This unanimity of purpose builds cohesiveness and loyalty.
Furthermore, a strong culture acts as a substitute for formalization; it tells employees how they are expected to behave without the need for thick manuals or rigid rules. While it can have liabilities (as noted in Q32), the immediate organizational benefit is a motivated, committed workforce that shares a common sense of direction.
NEW QUESTION # 27
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